O que é o Merkle Tree e a Prova de Reservas?

BlockchainBeginner
2024-10-29

Muitas exchanges centralizadas bem conhecidas anunciaram que iriam fornecer publicamente as suas reservas da Merkle Tree num esforço para promover mais transparência desde o colapso anterior da FTX, que teve efeitos de bola de neve que tiveram repercussões em toda a indústria das criptomoedas. Para reafirmar a sua dedicação à abertura e segurança, a Toobit divulgou a última prova de reservas e ostenta um ativo total de 10.619.691 dólares no início de outubro.
O que é a Prova de Reservas?
A Prova de Reservas aborda a questão da transparência dos ativos detidos em bolsa. É um método de verificação essencial para garantir que a criptomoeda é apoiada por ativos tangíveis. As árvores Merkle são um tipo de estrutura de dados utilizada no algoritmo de Prova de Reservas para encriptar dados blockchain com segurança.
O que é uma árvore Merkle?
Uma estrutura de árvore binária comum chamada Árvore Merkle (hash tree) consiste num nó raiz, vários nós intermédios e vários nós filhos.
Princípio de funcionamento:
Vamos dar uma vista de olhos a como funciona uma Árvore Merkle antes de falarmos sobre como funciona uma auditoria de Prova de Reservas.
Uma estrutura de dados é como uma árvore com um nó raiz e nós filhos. Os nós e todo o processamento de dados são hierárquicos.
A verificação dos nós frontal e traseiro é necessária quando se fornecem resultados de dados camada a camada, de baixo para cima.
Converte o conteúdo do bloco num valor hash usando o algoritmo de hash. O valor de hash também muda consoante o conteúdo do bloco.
A raiz Merkle armazena os hashes de cada nó filho, enquanto os nós filhos podem ser adicionados indefinidamente se os dados se expandirem rapidamente.

Using the Merkle tree, a logical and interconnected data structure was created. Each child node’s data modification will immediately result in a changed root hash. We can verify that the data hasn’t been changed or tampered with by comparing this root hash with the one supplied by the source.
Now, let’s deep dive into how Proof of Reserves work
A Proof of Reserves audit indicates that an exchange is collaborating with a third-party crypto auditor to ensure that it has assets on its balance sheet and that customer holdings are balanced. This is to ensure that customer funds are not misappropriated and that the cryptos held are backed by real assets. These third-party reports are reconciled cryptographically, ensuring privacy and security.
  • A Merkle tree is created by the third party using the information on all of the retained balances.
  • The balances of all the accounts used are then added together and uniquely identified by a Merkle root that is then obtained.
  • The exchange’s digital signatures are used to verify these balances on public blockchains where assets are stored.
  • The balance information and asset information on public blockchains are validated. These figures should be in balance to ensure consistency.
  • Additionally, systems will be set up so that clients may verify the validity of the assets they own.
  • The Merkle root will be affected by any data changes, which might indicate suspected asset manipulation.

The Benefits of Proof of Reserves

It is crucial to have checks and balances in a decentralized environment like crypto, where systems are ideally built not to have a single point of failure. Traditional financial firms have also experienced bankruptcy in some cases.
However, governments bailed out these institutions in the majority of situations. The benefit of having government institutions bail them out in the event of bankruptcy is not available to crypto organizations.
Thus, the "Proof of Reserve” approach combines the finest aspects of both asset management transparency and client asset privacy.

Proof of Reserves Limitations

Transparency in audits and money verification is assured by proof of reserve. It does, however, have a few drawbacks.
  • Proof of Reserve can demonstrate control over on-chain data and the money that is being kept, but it is unable to establish the exclusive possession of a private key.
  • There is a chance that the auditor and the auditee will work together. However, both parties are accountable for ensuring openness.
  • Loss of keys and missing money might reveal discrepancies in the verification process, and the Proof of Reserves procedure cannot reveal whether an exchange has borrowed money to pass an audit.

Conclusion

Market confidence in the crypto space is constantly restored by programs like the Proof of Reserves. Even while it has its own unique set of execution difficulties, it’s unquestionably a strategy that is for the greater benefit. Although improvements in the future may approach even better, it is a crucial starting point for safeguarding investors' assets.

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